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Adolf Hitler Escapes Attempted Assassination by Anti-Nazis On November 8, 1939, a bomb exploded just after Nazi leader Adolf Hitler finished giving a speech in celebration of Beer Hall Putsch's 16th birthday which marked the failed coup attempt of Hitler and the NSDAP against the Weimar Republic. Miraculously, the fascist dictator was not injured in the slightest in the incident Hitler had made an annual ritual on the anniversary of his famous 1923 coup attempt, (Hitler's first seizure of power that ended in his arrest and the destruction of the National Socialist Party NSDAP), by converting his followers according to his vision of the future of the country. On November 8, 1939, Hitler spoke with members of Nazi Germany's Old Guard party, students and soldiers loyal to Hitler and his fascist party from its early days. Just 12 minutes after Hitler left the hall, along with important Nazi leaders accompanying him, a bomb exploded, which was ejected on a pillar behind the speaker platform. Seven people were killed and 63 injured. The next day, the official Nazi Party newspaper, Voelkischer Beobachter, frankly blamed the British secret service, even accusing Prime Minister Neville Chamberlain of being the mastermind. This propaganda work was an attempt to arouse the hatred of Nazi Germany's sympathizers towards Britain and turn the German people into a frenzy for war. But members of the Nazi Party knew better they knew the assassination attempt was most likely the result of an anti-Nazi German Weimar Republic military conspiracy. In a clever scheme to divert accusations, while trying to get close to the real conspirators, Heinrich Himmler, head of the Gestapo, sent his subordinate, Walter Schellenberg, to the Netherlands to make contact with British intelligence agents. The reason for the meeting was to get assurances from Britain that in the event of an anti-Nazi coup, Britain would support the new regime. British agents were eager to get whatever information they could about the anti-Hitler movement that was rumored to be growing within the German military. Meanwhile, Walter Schellenberg, disguised as "Major Schaemmel" also pursued the information received by British intelligence regarding a conspiracy within the ranks of the German military. But Himmler wanted more than dialogue, he wanted the British agents themselves. So on November 9, German SS soldiers in the Netherlands were kidnapped. With Schellenberg's help, two British agents, Payne Best and RH Stevens, loaded the two SS soldiers into a Buick and brought them across the border into Germany. Himmler is now proud to announce to the German public that he has arrested the British conspirators. The man who actually planted the bombs at their behest was revealed to be Georg Elser, a German communist who made a living as a carpenter. While it seems certain that Elser planted the bomb, it remains unclear who instigated it, whether it was the anti-Nazi German military or British intelligence. The three conspirators (two SS troops and Georg Elser) spent time in detention in the Sachsenhausen concentration camp. However, Elser was later killed by the Gestapo on April 16, 1945 --so he can never tell the true story. On the other hand, Ado Hitler did not dare to risk trying them in public, because there were too many suspicious loopholes in the "official" story devised by Nazi Germany's propaganda

Francisco Pizarro Captures Inca Emperor Atahualpa Francisco Pizarro, the Spanish conqueror, captured Atahualpa, the Inca Emperor on November 16, 1532. On that day Francisco Pizarro set a trap and succeeded in defeating thousands of Incas even though the Spanish army only numbered less than 200 people. The Inca king offered a chamber filled with gold and silver in exchange for his release, and Francisco Pizarro agreed. However, after receiving the ransom, Francisco Pizarro did not release Atahualpa. Atahualpa was executed on August 29, 1533. Francisco Pizzaro was born around 1476 in Trujilo, a poor area in Spain. When he grew up, Pizarro heard stories about the New World and wanted to go on adventures to seek his fortune. He has joined explorations in Colombia and Panama. Pizzaro heard a story about the gold-rich Peruvian region, and was then interested in organizing an expedition. In 1531 he landed on the Coast near Ecuador and founded the first Spanish settlement in Peru a year later. Pizarro left the settlement on September 24 to carry out the conquest with the 200 people he brought with him. After arriving in Zaran, Hernando de Soto, the conqueror who was part of the expedition, was sent to the Peruvian garrison in Caxas. A week later, he returned with an Inca envoy and an invitation to visit the camp of the Inca King. Pizarro then arrived in Cajamarca on November 15, only 110 infantry, 67 cavalry, three rifles and two small cannons (falconets). Pizarro and the Incan King Atahualpa promised to meet the next day in the Cajamarca fortress square. After Atahualpa learned that he was ordered to pay tribute to Emperor Charles V and embraced Catholicism, he refused. Pizarro decided to attack the Inca rulers. With an army of less than two hundred men, Pizarro bravely attacked Atahualpa's army of thousands. Previously, he took lessons from the conquest of Hernan Cortez in Mexico, namely by capturing the king. Using firearms and cavalry, Pizarro managed to create terror in the midst of the Inca army. The Incas panicked because they had never known firearms before Pizarro managed to capture Atahualpa and destroy the morality of his troops. Pizarro felt Atahualpa was more valuable if he lived. He held back Atahualpa while making plans to conquer his empire. Atahualpa offered a room full of gold and a ransom as a ransom for his freedom. However, after receiving the ransom, Pizarro did not release him and instead accused him of fomenting rebellion. By then Atahualpa had played an important role in pacifying the Incas. Pizarro considers Atahualpa useless and will be executed by burning. He is offered forgiveness if he is willing to convert to become a Christian. Atahualpa agreed, but he was executed on August 29, 1533 by strangulation.

Signing of the Linggajati Negotiations Linggarjati is not only the name of an area in West Java, but also the name given to an agreement. The Linggajati Agreement is a political agreement signed on 15 November 1946 by the Dutch government and the Republic of Indonesia. In this agreement, the Dutch side was represented by Hubertus van Mook, while the Indonesian side was represented by Prime Minister Sutan Sjahrir. The Linggajati Agreement is a diplomatic effort by the Indonesian government to fight for the unitary territory of the Republic of Indonesia from the clutches of the Dutch colonialists. There were 2 specific reasons behind the negotiations at Linggarjati. First, because of the desire of the Dutch to return to power in Indonesian soil, and secondly, to resolve the protracted Indonesian-Dutch conflict. According to the terms of the agreement, the Netherlands agreed to recognize Indonesian rule over Java, Sumatra and Madura. Indonesia would then become a state of the United States of Indonesia which will be established no later than 1 January 1949 and form the Dutch-Indonesian Union together with the Netherlands, Suriname and the Netherlands Antilles, with the Queen of the Netherlands to be the official head of this Union. After feeling colonialism for so long, Indonesia finally declared independence on August 17, 1945. However, the euphoria of independence did not last long, because threats from foreign parties reappeared, namely from the Dutch. Dutch troops who are members of NICA (Netherlands-Indies Civil Administration), come to Indonesia. NICA took part in piggybacking on the allied forces as well as AFNEI (Allied Forces Netherlands East Indies) with the aim of disarming the defeated Japanese troops. The suspicions of the Indonesian government and people were also proven by the fighting that took place. For example the battle on November 10 in Surabaya, the Battle of Ambarawa, and others. Due to the prolonged conflict, the Dutch and Indonesian parties agreed to make their first diplomatic contact in the history of the two countries, with the British Government as the mediator in charge. Negotiations were held. Indonesia and the Netherlands were invited to hold negotiations at the Hoge Veluwe on 14-15 April 1946. However, the negotiations failed because Indonesia asked the Netherlands to recognize its sovereignty over Java, Sumatra and Madura, while the Netherlands only wanted to recognize Indonesia over Java and Madura. After the failure in the first negotiations, the British government sent Lord Killearn to Indonesia to conclude negotiations between Indonesia and the Netherlands. Negotiations continued on October 7, 1946 at the British Consulate General in Jakarta, Indonesia-Dutch negotiations were opened led by Lord Killearn. These negotiations resulted in a ceasefire agreement (14 October) and paved the way for negotiations at Linggarjati which began on 11 November 1946. After the Dutch general election in 1946, the newly formed coalition government decided to establish a "General Commission" to begin negotiations with Indonesia whose aim was to regulate the constitution of the Dutch East Indies in the post-World War II without liberating the colony. The leader of this commission is Wim Schermerhorn. In these negotiations, Wim Schermerhorn and his commission and Hubertus van Mook represented the Netherlands While Indonesia was represented by Soetan Sjahrir, A.K. Gani, Susanto Tirtoprojo, and Mohammad Roem. Then from England was represented by Lord Killearn, who acted as a mediator in this negotiation. The results of the negotiations at Linggarjati were signed on 15 November 1946 at the Merdeka Palace, and legally signed by the two countries on 25 March 1947. The contents of the Linggarjati Agreement are as follows The Netherlands recognizes de facto the Republic of Indonesia with territory covering Sumatra, Java and Madura. The Netherlands had to leave the de facto area no later than January 1, 1949 The Republic of Indonesia and the Netherlands will work together to form the United Indonesia State, one of the states of which is the Republic of Indonesia The United Republic of Indonesia and the Netherlands will form an Indonesian-Dutch Union with the Queen of the Netherlands as its chairman. With the existence of this Linggajati agreement, politically the Republic of Indonesia gains because there is de facto recognition. This agreement was then officially signed on March 25, 1947 at the Bijswijk Palace (Istana Merdeka) Jakarta

Ireland's First Woman President Elected On this day, 27 years ago, the Irish people have elected a figure named Mary Robinson as their first female President. has not been officially announced, but unofficial results show that he got 40 percent of the vote in the first round. Ireland's representative system means that new election results can be confirmed the next day. However, Mary's superiority at the beginning of the meeting is unlikely to be another figure who will win the election. Mary The victory itself was quickly recognized by the opposing camp. And for the first time in 70 years, the candidate promoted by the Fianna Fail Party had to lose. Mary who is an advocate in Dublin is considered a radical. He is a civil and human rights lawyer who has been campaigning to liberalize the law prohibiting divorce and abortion for more than 20 years. Victory, Maria is not only supported by women all over the country. But it also has the support of the activated rural areas. The mother of three has been a member of the Irish Senate for more than 20 years. He had twice failed to sit in parliament as a candidate for the Labor Party. Mary was listed as the 7th president of Ireland from December 1990 to September 1997. She ran from the Labor Party and was also supported by the Green Party and the Workers' Party. In her country's history, Mary is remembered for helping to change the role of the President of Ireland from a ceremonial position to a more influential one. He was founded a few months before the end of his term in 1997 to become the United Nations Commissioner for Human Rights. His frank criticism and uncompromising criticism of the human rights records of a number of countries angered governments in various parts of the world. He sparked criticism from the United States after outspoken the detention of an Al Qaeda suspect at Guantanamo Bay in Cuba. The woman held the post of UN Commissioner until 2002 and thereafter announced that she was interested in seeking a second term. Other history records that on November 8, 1939, Nazi Germany's leader Adolf Hitler escaped an assassination attempt in Munich. On November 8, 1987, a bomb exploded in Northern Ireland to coincide with the anniversary of the end of World War I. Among them 11 people died in the incident

Franklin D Roosevelt, Four-Term US President The name Franklin Delano Roosevelt (1882-1945) is perhaps one of the most famous US presidents for leading the country through the economic depression and winning World War II. However, there is another record held by FDR, as Roosevelt is familiarly called, namely that he is the only US president to serve four terms. As a result, FDR became the US president with the longest term from 1933 until his death in 1945. So how did FDR rule for up to four terms? FDR was first sworn in as president of the United States on March 4, 1933, at a time when the United States economy was at its lowest point. At that time, 13 million Americans were unemployed, agricultural prices had fallen by 60 percent, industrial production had fallen by half since 1929, 2 million people were homeless, and almost all banks were bankrupt. In the first 100 days, FDR proposed various programs to restore the business and agricultural sectors, create jobs, and ensure that people did not lose their farmland or their homes. This success in improving the economy saw Roosevelt re-elected for a second term in 1936 by a very convincing margin of votes. In addition to fixing the economy, Roosevelt also developed a foreign policy called the "good neighbor" policy. With this policy Roosevelt tried to make peace with all countries including the aggressor countries. He also championed neutrality laws to keep the US away from war in Europe, but at the same time help the countries that were under attack. When France fell and Britain was attacked by Germany in 1940, Roosevelt provided all sorts of assistance except the military. However, this US neutrality ended after on December 7, 1941, Japan attacked Pearl Harbor. The day after Roosevelt declared war on Japan followed by a declaration of war from Germany. By then, Roosevelt was already serving as US president for his third term. By the time the Allies had begun to control the war, in 1944 Roosevelt won his fourth term. Back to the original question, why did Roosevelt rule the US for up to four terms? The main reason is that during Roosevelt's tenure there was no written rule about limiting the term of office of a US president. All presidents before Roosevelt served only two terms because they followed George Washington's precedent. The first US president voluntarily refused to run for a third term in 1797. At that time, two terms of office were only an unofficial rule, because there were no official documents governing the matter. The new two-term rule emerged after the US constitution was amended for the 22nd time in 1951 in response to the fact that Roosevelt served four terms in what some saw as an attempt to preserve power. In fact, FDR is not the only US president to try his luck for a third term in office. His cousin Theodore Roosevelt (1858-1919) tried to run for a third term in 1912 but was defeated by Woodrow Wilson with 435 to 88 electoral votes.

Discovery of Puerto Rico by Legendary Explorer Christopher Columbus November 19, 1493 became a historic day that is remembered by mankind. That day, Christopher Columbus was sailing to the New World for the second time. He anchored on an island inhabited by about 50,000 people of the Taino or Arawak Indian tribe. Columbus recorded in his journal that the natives were a gentle and trustworthy people, who could easily have been enslaved for the benefit of the Spanish, The local residents enthusiastically welcomed the guests which were Columbus's entourage, but this is where the disaster began. The leaders of the Taino tribe made a grave mistake, pointing out a river rich in little nuggets of gold. He did not hesitate to make an offer to Columbus to take whatever he needed, regardless of the amount. From there, it is said, Spain made the island its colony in order to obtain precious metals. The immigrants named the place "San Juan Bautista", which comes from St John the Baptist or Saint John the Baptist. Meanwhile, the city where Columbus arrived was named Puerto Rico, because of the potential for its abundant natural resources. While there, Columbus founded a settlement in the Isabella region, the location where gold was first discovered. However, Isabella's condition was very bad, the settlers only had a short life. Columbus then explored the interior in search of gold and built forts. Then, he left Isabella. He anchored again across the high seas using 3 ships, in an attempt to find mainland China -- which he believed was close to Puerto Rico. Unfortunately, this is a misguided estimate. Instead, he landed in what is now Cuba, then Jamaica. "During 1494, Columbus spent a great deal of time exploring the other islands, notably Jamaica and southern Cuba. He did not attempt to circumnavigate Cuba, but was convinced that it was part of China," Since starting from Palos, Spain, in early August 1492, Columbus thought he could reach Asia by continuing westward. Since touching the first land, he was sure he had reached Asia, but he didn't know exactly whether it was in India, China (formerly known in Europe as Cathay), Japan (Cipango), or Indonesia (Spice Islands or islands rich in spices) spice). Strangely, Columbus never reached the New World he dreamed of. He didn't even know that he had discovered America. Until his death on May 20, 1506, the explorer claimed to have anchored in Asia. Meanwhile, Puerto Rico became a Spanish colony for over 400 years, from 1493 to 1898. Until now, the day Puerto Rico was founded, December 19, is celebrated as a national day. "On the celebration of the discovery of Puerto Rico or Día del Descubrimiento de Puerto Rico in Spanish, schools and offices are closed. Massive parades are held in the streets," Apart from the discovery of Puerto Rico by Christopher Columbus, November 19 was also marked by a number of important events. In 1905, 100 people drowned in the English Channel when the submarine Hilda sa

The Suez Canal Connecting the Mediterranean Sea and the Red Sea is Officially Opened The construction of canals or canals is important to expedite the pace of transportation, support trade, and even business. This canal is able to speed up travel time so as to boost the economy. On November 17, 1869, the canal located in the city of Port Said or the Suez Canal, was finally officially opened and operational. The inauguration was attended by the Queen of France, Eugenie, wife of Napoleon III. The opening of the Suz Canal connecting the Red Sea and the Mediterranean so that it can shorten the shipping time that previously had to go around the Cape of Good Hope, South Africa. When Egypt was under the Ptolemaic dynasty (305 BC-30 BC), a canal was made to connect Bitter Lake to the Mediterranean Sea. Also made a canal that connects Lake Timsah to the north until it reaches the Nile River. However, the canal was not properly maintained and was destroyed for reasons of military considerations. There was a plan in the 15th century when Europeans envisioned a sea route that would allow merchant ships to sail from the Mediterranean Sea to the Indian Ocean via the Red Sea. The obstacle that occurred at that time was that all merchant ships from the Mediterranean Sea had to go around the Cape of Good Hope in South Africa which took a long time. Finally, the rulers of France under the command of Napoleon Bonaparte came up with a plan to rebuild the canal. Architect Ferdinand de Lesseps was authorized to prepare the construction of the building. An agreement with the Egyptian Authorities began in 1854 to make this canal for mutual benefit as far as 160 kilometers. An international team of experts drew up construction plans and in 1856 the Suez Canal Company was formed. Construction began in April 1859 with the first excavation being carried out by forced labourers. Workers from Europe started arriving with steam-powered dredgers and shovels. Cholera outbreaks and labor disputes put the construction of the canal behind schedule. The construction is four years behind schedule all planned. The opening of the Suez Canal was delayed several years due to obstacles. But in the end, this canal was still opened for the common good. When opened the Suez Canal only has a depth of 7.6 meters with a width of 72 meters at the bottom and 60-90 meters at the top. As a result, more than 500 vessels operated using the services of this canal in the first year. In 1875, Britain became the largest shareholder in the Suez Canal Company when it bought shares of the new governor in Egypt, then under the rule of the Ottoman Empire. A year later, the Suez Canal underwent several repairs and became one of the busiest shipping lines in the world. Many ships pass through this route to speed up travel time. Seven years later, the British invaded Egypt and occupied the country until the 1936 treaty that made Egypt an independent nation. However, the Suez Canal remained under British control. After World War II ended, the Government of Egypt urged British troops to withdraw from the Suez Canal area. This situation was followed by the decision of Egyptian President Gamal Abdel Nasser to nationalize the canal in 1956. The purpose of the nationalization was to get income from the Suez Canal, so that it could be used to build a gigantic dam on the Nile River. As a result of this nationalization, in October 1956 Israeli troops carried out an invasion followed by the arrival of British and French troops in early November to control the canal zone. Under the hands of the United Nations, Britain and France finally withdrew their troops in December 1956 and Israeli troops withdrew in March 1957. At that time, the Government of Egypt fully controlled the Suez Canal and reopened it for international shipping. Whole ownership gives Egypt more income. In 1966, the Suez Canal passed more than 21,000 ships. Approximately 10,000 tankers pass through it, with an average of 56 ships passing each day. As a result, Egypt's income was more than 200 million US dollars at that time. The Suez Canal was closed again when the Six Day War broke out and Israel occupied the Sinai Peninsula. For the next eight years, the Suez Canal, which separated the Sinai from the rest of Egypt, became the front line of war between Israel and Egypt. On June 5, 1975, the Suez Canal reopened. The reopening followed a second separation deal between Israel and Egypt in which Israel withdrew its troops.

Indonesian Muslim Shura Council The Indonesian Muslim Syuro Council or Masyumi Party is a political party that was established on November 7, 1945 in Yogyakarta. This party was established through a Congress of Muslims on 7-8 November 1945, with the aim of becoming a political party owned by Muslims and as a unifying party for Muslims in political aspects. Masjumi was eventually dissolved by President Soekarno in 1960 because its figures were suspected of being involved in the rebellion movement from within the Revolutionary Government of the Republic of Indonesia (PRRI). Through the Muslim Charity Coordinating Board (BKAM) Islamic leaders did not just give up, at its session on 7 May 1967 a committee of 7 (seven) was formed, chaired by a Muhammadiyah figure, H. Faqih Usman After going through several meetings and hard struggles, the government finally gave permission to build a new political party that would accommodate the aspirations of Muslims Parmusi was ratified by Presidential Decree no. 70 dated February 20, 1968, then he was appointed general chairman Djarnawi Hadikusumo and general secretary Drs. Lukman Harun, both of whom were Muhammadiyah activists. After the official establishment of the government intervention against the Parmusi party, the aroma was very strong, when the first party congress was held on November 4-7, 1968 which was held in Malang, East Java. Muhammad Roem was elected as chairman, Muhammad Roem had been Minister of Foreign Affairs and PM of the Masyumi party, in the struggle for independence as Minister of Foreign Affairs and Negotiator for the government of the Republic of Indonesia he was famous for the Roem-Royen contract. The government's reaction came immediately, by disapproving Roem as chairman of Parmusi, as one of Masyumi's top figures, it was feared that Roem's appointment would resurrect Neo Masyumi through the secretary of state Alamsyah Ratuprawiranegara sent an express telegram to the ongoing congress, that the government did not approve of the election of Muhammad Roem as chairman of Parmusi. At the end of the congress, Djarnawi Hadikusumo and Drs. Lukman Harun as chairman and general secretary of the Indonesian Muslim Party The leadership of Djarnawi Hadikusumo and Lukman Harun did not last long, because the government considered that the leadership duo from Muhammadiyah was considered by the government to be uncooperative with the interests of the authorities. There was coercion of will. John (Jailani) Naro and Imron Kadir, respectively as chairman and secretary of PARMUSI, resulted in an event from this coercion Parmusi experienced sharp conflicts within the party's internal circles. The government ended through its Presidential Decree No. 77/1970 dated November 20, 1970, again intervened by appointing a Muhammadiyah figure who was considered cooperative with the government, namely HMS Mintaredja At that time he was appointed as Minister of Social Affairs in the ORBA Cabinet. After the 1971 elections the government required parties to implement political party fusion or restructuring, merging, simplification of political parties in Indonesia. Parmusi and other Islamic parties, namely NU, PERTI and SI fused in the United Development Party Masyumi was initially established on October 24, 1943 as a replacement for MIAI because Japan needed an agency to garner support from the Indonesian people through Islamic religious institutions However, Japan was not very interested in Islamic parties that had existed in the Dutch era which were usually located in urban areas and had a modern mindset so that in the first weeks, Japan had banned the Indonesian Sarekat Islam Party and the Indonesian Islamic Party Besides that, Japan is also trying to separate the Islamic intellectuals in urban areas from the kyai in the countryside Rural kyai played a more important role for Japan because they could mobilize people to support the Pacific War, as workers or soldiers Masjumi at the time of the Japanese occupation was not yet a party but was a federation of four Islamic organizations that were permitted at that time Nahdlatul Ulama (NU), Muhammadiyah, Islamic Community Association, and Indonesian Muslim Association. After becoming a party, Masyumi founded the daily newspaper Endless in 1947 Nahdlatul Ulama (NU) is one of the Islamic mass organizations that is very active in the formation of Masjumi. An NU figure, KH Hasyim Asy'arie, was elected as the highest leader of Masjumi at that time Many other NU figures sit on the Masjumi management and that is why NU's involvement in political matters is difficult to avoid Nahdlatul Ulama then left Masjumi through a decision letter from the Nahdlatul Ulama Supreme Management (PBNU) on April 5, 1952 As a result, there was political friction among Masjumi intellectuals who wanted to localize the NU kiai on religious matters only

The Italian-Turkish War, When Libya Becomes an Arena for Disputes Italy & Libya are 2 countries occupying different continents. Despite being on different continents, the two countries are by the Mediterranean Sea. Italy in the past had ambitions to make Libya a part of its territory. As a result of this ambition, the Italian-Turkish War broke out. The Italian-Turkish War was a war that clashed the Kingdom of Italy with the Ottoman Empire. The war that lasted from 1911 to 1912 occurred because Italy wanted to seize the territory of Libya, which at that time had the status of Ottoman territory. After the war, Italy managed to become the new owner of Libya for the next decades. This war is also famous because in this war, for the first time aircraft were used to carry out air attacks & flown at night. Since the 15th century, European countries sought as many colonies as possible on other continents. Italy is one of the countries that are late to follow this trend because the country was only formed in 1861 after the unification by the Kingdom of Sardinia. The African continent is seen as a target for regional expansion considering its location is not far from Italy when compared to other continents Libya became the main target of Italy to be conquered. The ambition to control Libya also reeks of history because the Ancient Roman territory in the past had indeed covered the northern coast of Africa Libya at that time was still an area of the Ottoman Sultanate of Turkey under the name "Vilayet Tripolitania". Italy felt confident that it could control Tripolitania because the Ottomans had just lost their war against Russia In 1902 Italy held talks with the European superpowers such as France & England, which at that time were in control of Morocco & Egypt. On July 1, 1911, Germany sent the battleship Panther to Agadir, Morocco. Because of the conflict for influence with France, Germany's actions still made Italy feel stung. Italy is suspicious that the Tripolitania region will also be targeted by Germany. Moreover, at the same time, the German company joint venture was in talks with the Ottomans to invest in Tripolitania. Italy is worried that this moment will be used as a stepping stone by Germany to completely dominate Tripolitania. In the same month the Italian government filed a protest & accusation against the Ottoman government that its citizens living in Tripolitania were treated unfairly. On September 25, Italy accused the Ottomans of showing a hostile attitude in the midst of strained relations between the two countries. On 28 September Italy announced it was sending its military to Tripolitania. This statement also marked the beginning of the Italian-Ottoman War. The Italian naval fleet blocks the northern coast of Tripolitania. Italy thought that this invasion the Ottomans only had less than 10,000 troops in Tripolitania, while Italy deployed more than 44,000 On October 2, Italy requested that the Ottomans surrender immediately while firing their ship's cannons at the city of Tripoli. Because the Italian ships had a longer firing range than the Ottoman land guns, the Ottoman troops were forced to retreat to the interior and let the Italians take control of the coast. Some of Tripoli's civilians also fled their cities. when Italian troops landed in Tripoli on October 4, they encountered no resistance at all. A number of Arab aristocrats chose to stay in the city & declared their allegiance to Italy. Arab nobleman who chose to ally with Italy was Hassuna Pasha. After Tripoli was captured, the Italian troops then continued their conquests to other cities which were also located on the coast such as Derna, Homs, Tobruk, & Benghazi. On October 20, the coast of Tripolitania was occupied by the Italians except for Benghazi. But the Italians did not know that the Ottomans withdrew not because they had thrown in the towel. They retreated out of the city in order to gather sufficient strength while waiting for reinforcements from Turkey to launch a counterattack. Ottoman troops in Tripolitania received assistance from Arab militias who did not want to be under Italian control. On 23 October, the joint forces of the two made a surprise attack on Tripoli. However, the attack was contained and the Ottoman troops were forced to withdraw on 26 October. Italian troops were superior in terms of weapons, the rebellion was suppressed quickly. Over the next 4 days, Italian troops also carried out house-to-house searches. Italian troops also carried out military operations to the spring oasis in the middle of the desert k not far from Tripoli & used by pro-Ottoman troops for camping.

Hungarian Freedom Revolution from the Soviet Union The notion of communism that Lenin had built since 1917 was no longer compatible with social, cultural and political developments in Budapest. The Hungarian people in 1956 were more interested in liberalism. On 23 October 1956, demonstrations demanding the return of Imre Nagy's post as prime minister began. The people like him none other than his liberal policies. The procession of protesters organized by students was initially peaceful. They marched from the center of Budapest to the Hungarian Parliament Building. Apart from wanting Nagy, the masses also demanded clean elections, freedom of the press, and the expulsion of Soviet soldiers from the country. This demonstration attracted the interest of many people. Over time, the masses who voiced their opinions grew more and more. The number is recorded to reach tens of thousands of people. The police did not let that happen and arrested him. However, the Hungarian National Security Authority (AVH) opened fire on the demonstrators from the top of the radio station building. A student was killed and wrapped in a flag. His body was then carried on a stretcher into the crowd. At this point, the demonstrations were no longer peaceful, a massive uprising was carried out. Angry crowds chanted “Revolution, Independence over the Soviet Union!” In an instant the unrest spread widely, the government was in chaos. Hundreds of people died. Clashes between civilians and the military are inevitable. For days, the police bared their fangs, Soviet tanks were not left pacing the streets. The unrest only subsided on October 28. A ceasefire was enforced. The Soviets agreed to withdraw their troops from Hungary two days later. At the request of the people, Imre Nagy was returned to his position as prime minister and allowed to form a new government. The Soviets did not necessarily surrender. On November 4, the then Soviet leader, Nikita Khrushchev sent his armored vehicle to Budapest to end the bloody revolution. History records that the conflict between liberals and communism in Hungary ended on November 10, 1956. More than 2,500 Hungarian civilians died and 700 Soviet soldiers were killed during the conflict. The revolution for independence has in fact also caused at least 200,000 Hungarian residents to exodus and become refugees to other countries in Europe. But the uprising of tens of thousands of Hungarians did not result in victory. The Soviets remained victorious, the revolution on October 23 was categorized as an attempted uprising and banned all forms of commemoration of this historic day. Nagy was executed in 1958 after undergoing a closed and top secret trial in Budapest. It wasn't until 1989, just before the fall of the Soviets, that the Hungarian Republic declared October 23 as a national day. In December 1991, the first President of Russia, Boris Yeltsin, apologized formally to the Hungarian people for the events of 1956. He repeated the apology a year later while addressing the Hungarian parliament. In the following years, October 23 became a national holiday in Hungary. A number of heads of state came and paid their respects to the victims of the demonstration who are now considered heroes. And November 4th is the 60th anniversary of the biggest revolution that Hungary has ever seen.