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In fact, both systems appear in our everyday lives,from how we measure degrees and time,to common measurements,like a dozen or a gross.And, of course, the base two, or binary system,is used in all of our digital devices,though programmers also use base eight and base 16 for more compact notation.So the next time you use a large number,think of the massive quantity captured in just these few symbols,and see if you can come up with a different way to represent it.

The most likely answer is the simplest.That also explains why the Aztecs used a base 20, or vigesimal system.But other bases are possible, too.Babylonian numerals were sexigesimal,or base 60.Any many people think that a base 12,or duodecimal system,would be a good idea.Like 60, 12 is a highly composite number that can be divided by two,three,four,and six,making it much better for representing common fractions.

The understanding of zero as both a value and a placeholder made for reliable and consistent notation.Of course, it's possible to use any ten symbols to represent the numerals zero through nine.For a long time, the glyphs varied regionally.Most scholars agree that our current digits evolved from those used in the North African Maghreb region of the Arab Empire.And by the 15th century, what we now know as the Hindu-Arabic numeral system had replaced Roman numerals in everyday life to become the most commonly used number system in the world.So why did the Hindu-Arabic system,along with so many others,use base ten?

The positions of these symbols indicate different powers of ten,starting on the right and increasing as we move left.For example, the number 316 reads as 6x10^0 plus 1x10^1 plus 3x10^2.A key breakthrough of this system,which was also independently developed by the Mayans,was the number zero.Older positional notation systems that lacked this symbol would leave a blank in its place,making it hard to distinguish between 63 and 603,or 12 and 120.

But a positional system could reuse the same symbols,assigning them different values based on their position in the sequence.Several civilizations developed positional notation independently,including the Babylonians,the Ancient Chinese,and the Aztecs.By the 8th century, Indian mathematicians had perfected such a system and over the next several centuries,Arab merchants, scholars, and conquerors began to spread it into Europe.This was a decimal, or base ten, system,which could represent any number using only ten unique glyphs.

Roman numerals added another twist.If a numeral appeared before one with a higher value,it would be subtracted rather than added.But even with this innovation,it was still a cumbersome method for writing large numbers.The way to a more useful and elegant system lay in something called positional notation.Previous number systems needed to draw many symbols repeatedly and invent a new symbol for each larger magnitude.

But as the complexity of life increased,along with the number of things to count,these methods were no longer sufficient.So as they developed,different civilizations came up with ways of recording higher numbers.Many of these systems,like Greek,Hebrew,and Egyptian numerals,were just extensions of tally marks with new symbols added to represent larger magnitudes of value.Each symbol was repeated as many times as necessary and all were added together.

One, two, three, four, five, six,seven, eight, nine, and zero.With just these ten symbols, we can write any rational number imaginable.But why these particular symbols?Why ten of them?And why do we arrange them the way we do?Numbers have been a fact of life throughout recorded history.Early humans likely counted animals in a flock or members in a tribe using body parts or tally marks.

This vision of future farming will also require a global shift toward more plant-based diets and huge reductions in food loss and waste,both of which will reduce pressure on the land and allow farmers to do more with what they have available.If we optimize food production,both on land and sea,we can feed humanity within the environmental limits of the earth,but there's a very small margin of error,and it will take unprecedented global cooperation and coordination of the agricultural lands we have today.

It will take all of these methods,from the most high-tech to the lowest-cost,to revolutionize farming.High-tech interventions stand to amplify climate- and conservation-oriented approaches to farming,and large producers will need to invest in implementing these technologies.Meanwhile, we'll have to expand access to the lower-cost methods for smaller-scale farmers.

If combined with methods to combat deforestation in the region,they could move the country toward a resilient, climate-focused agricultural sector.And in India,where up to 40 percent of post-harvest food is lost or wasted due to poor infrastructure,farmers have already started to implement solar-powered cold storage capsules that help thousands of rural farmers preserve their produce and become a viable part of the supply chain.

By experimenting with new strains of rice,irrigating less and adopting less labor-intensive ways of planting seeds,farmers in these countries have already increased their incomes and crop yields while cutting down on greenhouse gas emissions.In Zambia,numerous organizations are investing in locally specific methods to improve crop production,reduce forest loss and improve livelihoods for local farmers.These efforts are projected to increase crop yield by almost a quarter over the next few decades.

In Bangladesh, Cambodia and Nepal,new approaches to rice production may dramatically decrease greenhouse gas emissions in the future.Rice is a staple food for three billion people and the main source of livelihood for millions of households.More than 90 percent of rice is grown in flooded paddies,which use a lot of water and release 11 percent of annual methane emissions,which accounts for one to two percent of total annual greenhouse gas emissions globally.

In Costa Rica,farmers have intertwined farmland with tropical habitat so successfully that they have significantly contributed to doubling the country's forest cover.This provides food and habitat for wildlife as well as natural pollination and pest control from the birds and insects these farms attract,producing food while restoring the planet.In the United States,ranchers are raising cattle on grasslands composed of native species,generating a valuable protein source using production methods that store carbon and protect biodiversity.

These technologies are designed to help us produce food in a way that works with the environment rather than against it,taking into account the nuances of local ecosystems.Lower-cost agricultural practices can also serve those same goals and are much more accessible to many farmers.In fact, many such practices are already in use today and stand to have an increasingly large impact as more farmers adopt them.

Meanwhile, moving among the crops,teams of field robots apply fertilizer in targeted doses.Inside the soil,hundreds of sensors gather data on nutrients and water levels.This information reduces unnecessary water use and tells farmers where they should apply more and less fertilizer instead of causing pollution by showering it across the whole farm.But the farms of the future won't be all sensors and robots.

So what will the future farms look like?This drone is part of a fleet that monitors the crops below.The farm may look haphazard but is a delicately engineered use of the land that intertwines crops and livestock with wild habitats.Conventional farming methods cleared large swathes of land and planted them with a single crop,eradicating wildlife and emitting huge amounts of greenhouse gases in the process.This approach aims to correct that damage.

Agriculture depends on a stable climate with predictable seasons and weather patterns.This means we can't keep expanding our agricultural lands,because doing so will undermine the environmental conditions that make agriculture possible in the first place.Instead, the next agricultural revolution will have to increase the output of our existing farmland for the long term while protecting biodiversity,conserving water and reducing pollution and greenhouse gas emissions.

we are all facing:in the future, how can we feed every member of a growing population a healthy diet?Meeting this goal will require nothing short of a second agricultural revolution.The first agricultural revolution was characterized by expansion and exploitation,feeding people at the expense of forests, wildlife and water and destabilizing the climate in the process.That's not an option the next time around.

About 10,000 years ago,humans began to farm.This agricultural revolution was a turning point in our history that enabled people to settle,build and create.In short, agriculture enabled the existence of civilization.Today, approximately 40 percent of our planet is farmland.Spread all over the world,these agricultural landsare the pieces to a global puzzle.